Achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is a major strategic decision made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core. Recently, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Opinions on Completely, Accurately and Comprehensively Implementing the New Development Concept and Doing a Good Job in Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization", taking "in-depth adjustment of industrial structure" as an important way and a major way to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. tasks, and put forward clear requirements for the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. We must seize the major strategic opportunities of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, accelerate the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, and promote the formation of a green and low-carbon industrial structure and production method.

1. Achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is a major strategic opportunity for the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure

Achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is a powerful driving force and force for industrial restructuring. It not only puts forward more urgent requirements for industrial restructuring, but also provides a major strategic opportunity for industrial structure optimization and upgrading.

(1) The task of industrial restructuring, transformation and upgrading in my country is still very arduous. Since the reform and opening up, in the process of accelerating industrialization and urbanization, my country's industrial structure has undergone major changes. In 2012, the proportion of the service industry exceeded that of the secondary industry for the first time, becoming the largest industry in the national economy. 10 percentage points. Especially in recent years, my country has accelerated the elimination of backward production capacity, actively resolved excess production capacity, cultivated strategic emerging industries, and developed modern service industries, creating favorable conditions for the green and low-carbon transformation of the industry. However, it should also be noted that compared with the goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the task of industrial transformation and upgrading in my country is still very arduous. my country's energy consumption per unit of GDP is still relatively high, 1.5 times that of the world average and 2 to 3 times that of developed countries, which is inseparable from the unreasonable industrial structure. From the perspective of the three industrial structures, my country is the world's largest manufacturing country, and the proportion of the secondary industry in GDP has been stable for a long time at more than 40%. Although it has declined in recent years, it will still be as high as 37.8% in 2020. The energy consumption per 10,000 yuan output value of the secondary industry is more than four times that of the primary and tertiary industries, which makes my country the world's largest energy consumer. After 2015, the proportion of the tertiary industry exceeded 50% for the first time, and it will increase to 54.5% in 2020, but it is still far lower than developed economies such as Europe and the United States, and also lower than emerging market economies such as Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa. From the perspective of the internal structure of the secondary industry, the manufacturing industry is generally at the middle and low end of the value chain, and the proportion of high energy consumption industries such as steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials, petrochemicals and chemicals is relatively high, accounting for 85% of the total energy consumption of the manufacturing industry, increasing The pressure of energy saving and carbon reduction. From the perspective of product structure, the products have high energy consumption and material consumption, and the added value rate is low, and there is still a big gap with the international advanced level.

(2) Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality put forward urgent requirements for the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality are both distinct and intrinsically linked. The higher the carbon peak by 2030, the greater the pressure on carbon neutrality in 2060. Accelerating industrial restructuring is not only an important way to reduce carbon peaks, but will also create conditions for achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. According to relevant research estimates, the overall contribution of industrial structure adjustment to carbon emission reduction in the next period will exceed 50%. To achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, put forward urgent requirements for the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. The focus of the three industrial structure adjustments is to increase the proportion of the tertiary industry and gradually reduce the proportion of the secondary industry; the focus of the internal structural adjustment of the secondary industry is to strictly control the growth rate of industries with high energy consumption and high emissions, while promoting low-energy-consuming and low-emission industries. The focus of product structure adjustment is to increase the added value of products, thereby reducing the energy consumption and carbon emission intensity per unit of added value. To meet the requirements of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, it is necessary to accelerate the development of modern service industry and improve the low-carbon development level of the service industry; use high and new technology and advanced applicable technology to promote the improvement of traditional manufacturing industry, and strictly control industries with high energy consumption and high emission production capacity, develop strategic emerging industries; increase the value-added rate of products, and produce more green and low-carbon products.

(3) Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality provide strategic opportunities for the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have brought unprecedented pressure to the adjustment of my country's industrial structure, and also created a major strategic opportunity for the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. First, the whole society has formed a broad consensus on green and low-carbon development. my country incorporates the construction of ecological civilization into the overall layout of "five in one", establishes a new development concept of green development, and unswervingly follows the path of ecological priority and green development. The consensus on the goal will form a strong synergy. Second, there is huge room for improving the energy efficiency of traditional industries. The scale of traditional industries in my country is huge, the proportion of fossil energy in the energy structure is relatively high, coal consumption still accounts for more than 50%, and the energy utilization efficiency is relatively low. There is a huge potential to reduce dependence on fossil energy and promote energy conservation and carbon reduction. The third is the "late-mover advantage" of green development. my country's industrialization and urbanization started late, and the new industrial production capacity and urban infrastructure needs can be achieved by developing green production capacity and green infrastructure, avoiding the "lock-in effect" brought about by traditional industrialization and urbanization. At the same time, as the industrialization characterized by the rapid development of the heavy chemical industry draws to a close, the carbon emissions of traditional manufacturing industries will gradually peak and enter a plateau, and the proportion of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries will continue to increase. The application of first-generation information technology and green and low-carbon technology is increasingly widespread and penetrates into various industrial fields, which will create conditions for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and bring huge benefits from green and low-carbon transformation.

2. The main tasks of industrial structure adjustment under the goal of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality

Optimizing and upgrading the industrial structure is an important way to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The "Opinions" put forward the main task of promoting the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, and clarified the basic path for deepening the adjustment of the industrial structure under the goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

(1) Promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. Judging from the energy consumption and carbon emission intensity of the three industries, the energy consumption and carbon emission intensity of the primary industry are relatively low, but the proportion tends to decline; the energy consumption and carbon emission intensity of the secondary industry are the highest, significantly higher than The focus of industrial structure adjustment; the energy consumption and carbon emission intensity of the tertiary industry are higher than that of the primary industry, but lower than that of the secondary industry, which is the main direction of industrial structure optimization and upgrading. In order to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the "Opinions" propose to increase energy conservation and carbon reduction and green and low-carbon transformation of the secondary industry; Dafeng implements the plan to speed up the green transformation of traditional industries and build a green manufacturing system; to revise the guidance catalogue for industrial structure adjustment with the guidance of energy conservation and carbon reduction, and improve the access standards for energy consumption and carbon emissions. This series of policy measures will accelerate and guide market players to develop low-energy-consuming and low-emission industries, and gradually reduce the dependence of economic growth on the development path of high energy consumption and high emission. The use of green manufacturing technology and new-generation information technology to transform the entire chain of various industries will accelerate the promotion of low-carbon process innovation and digital transformation in the industrial field, and encourage the penetration of Internet, artificial intelligence, and green manufacturing technologies into various industrial fields. Cultivating and developing productive service industries such as green finance and contract energy management will speed up the digital and green transformation of trade and logistics, and improve the level of energy conservation and carbon reduction in the service industry.

(2) Resolutely curb the blind development of projects with high energy consumption and high emissions. Resolutely curbing the blind development of "two high" projects is a fundamental measure to incrementally control energy consumption and carbon emissions. Blindly launching the "two high" projects will not only waste funds, occupy land, consume energy, and destroy the ecology, but will also damage the foundation and capacity of the country, region and industry for sustainable development. At present, there are a large number of high-energy-consumption and high-emission projects planned to be put into production in various regions, and the new energy consumption is relatively large. Taking resolutely curbing the blind development of "two high" projects as the top priority and top priority of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality work will force local governments to speed up the transformation of development methods and promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial structures. To this end, the "Opinions" proposed to implement list ledger management for the "two high" projects, and carry out classified disposal and dynamic monitoring. For new and expanded steel, cement, flat glass, electrolytic aluminum and other high-energy-consuming and high-emission projects, it is necessary to strictly implement equal or reduced production capacity replacement; for coal power, petrochemical, coal chemical and other projects, it is necessary to speed up the introduction of production capacity control policies; Those that are not included in the national industrial plan shall not build, rebuild or expand oil refining and new ethylene, paraxylene and coal-to-olefin projects. Coordinate and ensure national energy security requirements, and reasonably control the scale of coal-to-gas production capacity. Strengthen the early warning and control of the production capacity of the "two high" projects, regularly schedule the construction and commissioning of projects with large energy consumption in various regions, especially the "two high" projects, publish a barometer of the completion of the energy consumption dual control target, and strengthen the local energy consumption dual control Window guidance for work, and work mechanisms such as notification of criticism, energy use early warning, and interviews for accountability have been established.

(3) Vigorously develop green and low-carbon industries. Accelerating major technological breakthroughs and industrial green and low-carbon transformation is one of the main directions of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. It is necessary to speed up the development of strategic emerging industries such as new generation information technology, biotechnology, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, new energy vehicles, green environmental protection, aerospace, and marine equipment, and improve the modernization level of the industrial chain and supply chain. It is necessary to increase the research and development and application of new energy technologies such as solar energy (11.010, -0.19, -1.70%), wind energy, hydrogen energy, and biomass energy, and increase the proportion of new energy production in the energy industry. It is necessary to speed up the process of vehicle electrification, intelligence, and networking, promote the industrialization of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and vigorously develop the new energy vehicle industry. It is necessary to increase the clean and efficient utilization of coal, develop new technologies for energy conservation and environmental management, promote the recycling of resources, and expand the energy conservation, environmental protection, and low-carbon industries. It is necessary to promote the deep integration of emerging technologies such as the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence, and fifth-generation mobile communications (5G) with green and low-carbon industries, and release the multiplication effect of digitalization, intelligence, and greening. It is necessary to rely on existing industrial parks and other platforms to promote the effective agglomeration of enterprises and scientific research units, promote the development of advanced manufacturing clusters, and improve energy utilization efficiency and the development level of circular economy. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the role of market mechanisms, guide enterprises to be oriented by market demand, drive breakthroughs in green technologies and iterative upgrades of applications, vigorously cultivate new green manufacturing products, new models and new formats, and inject new impetus into the green and low-carbon transformation of manufacturing.

3. Improve the policy environment and safeguard measures to achieve positive results in carbon neutralization

To promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure and promote the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, we must adhere to the system concept, optimize the policy environment, and establish a sound guarantee mechanism. The "Opinions" has made a special deployment for this purpose.

(1) Improve policies and mechanisms for taxation, finance, investment, and prices. Improve fiscal and taxation policies, and promote governments at all levels to increase support for the development of green and low-carbon industries and technology research and development. Increase the procurement of green and low-carbon products. Actively develop green finance and improve the green finance standard system. Establish carbon emission reduction monetary policy tools to support the development of clean energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, and carbon emission reduction technologies. Expand the scale of green bond issuance and support listed companies that meet the requirements for financing. Encourage social capital to set up investment funds for green and low-carbon industries. Improve investment policies, strictly control investment in high-carbon projects such as coal power, steel, electrolytic aluminum, cement, and petrochemicals, and increase support for projects such as green environmental protection, new energy, new energy vehicles, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Improve policies to support social capital participation, and stimulate the vitality and endogenous motivation of market entities to invest in green and low-carbon projects. Improve the price formation mechanism that reflects energy conservation requirements, and promote the large-scale development of renewable energy. Improve differentiated electricity price, time-of-use electricity price and tiered electricity price policy. Accelerate the formation of a binding carbon price mechanism and promote the development of the carbon emissions trading market.

(2) Increase scientific and technological innovation and promotion of advanced and applicable technologies. In the past period, energy saving and carbon reduction in high-energy-consuming industries mainly came from eliminating outdated production capacity. To this end, the "Opinions" propose to increase the technological transformation of energy conservation and carbon reduction in traditional industries, strengthen the hard constraints of energy conservation and carbon reduction indicators, and force high-energy-consuming industries to establish energy-saving and low-carbon production systems. Quickly deploy research on green and low-carbon cutting-edge technologies, accelerate the research and development of smart grid technologies that support large-scale and friendly grid integration of wind power and solar power generation, and advance low-carbon cutting-edge technologies such as high-efficiency solar cells, hydrogen production from renewable energy, and zero-carbon industrial process reengineering. Strengthen the demonstration and industrial application of new energy storage technologies, and strengthen the R&D demonstration and large-scale application of key technologies for hydrogen energy production, storage, and application. It is necessary to speed up the research on key core technologies, improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of coal as a chemical raw material, and promote the high-end, diversified and low-carbon development of the coal chemical industry.

(3) Strengthen the construction of laws and regulations, standards, statistical monitoring and assessment systems. Establishing and improving laws and regulations, statistical monitoring and assessment systems that meet the requirements of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals is of great significance to promoting the green transformation of the industry. It is necessary to clean up the contents of the current laws and regulations that are incompatible with the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality work, strengthen the connection and coordination between laws and regulations, and promptly revise the current laws such as the Energy Conservation Law to reflect the promotion of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality work. effect. It is necessary to strengthen the statistical capacity building of energy saving and carbon reduction, and establish and improve the statistical monitoring and measurement system of energy consumption in key industries and key areas. Establish a unified and standardized carbon emission statistical accounting system. Incorporate indicators related to carbon peaking and carbon neutrality into the comprehensive evaluation system of economic and social development in each region, and strictly supervise and evaluate.

Achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is a long-term process that cannot be achieved overnight. It is necessary to adhere to the system concept, respect objective laws, grasp the pace of work, and on the premise of ensuring safety, seize the major strategic opportunities of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, continuously optimize industrial stocks, comprehensively optimize industrial increments, and adopt new models with Chinese characteristics. The road of industrialization and urbanization will promote the comprehensive optimization and upgrading of my country's industrial structure, and ensure that the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals are realized as scheduled.

来源：经济日报

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